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Modern life insurance policies were established in the early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office, founded in London in 1706 by William Talbot and Sir Thomas Allen.[3][4] The first plan of life insurance was that each member paid a fixed annual payment per share on from to shares with consideration to age of the members being twelve to fifty-five. At the finish of the year a portion of the "amicable contribution" was divided among the wives and children of deceased members and it was in proportion to the amount of shares the heirs owned. Amicable Society started with 2000 members.[5][6]

Insurance bega

n as a way of reducing the risk to traders, as early as 2000 BC in China and 1750 BC in Babylon.[2] An early type of life insurance dates to Ancient Rome;His disciple, Edward Rowe Conventions, was finally able to establish the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship in 1762. It was the world's first mutual insurer and it pioneered age based premiums based on mortality rate laying "the framework for scientific insurance practice and development"[7] and "the basis of modern life assurance on which all life assurance schemes were subsequently based".[8]

The first life table was written by Edmund Halley in 1693, but it was only in the 1750s that the necessary mathematical and statistical tools were in place for the development of modern life insurance. James Dodson, a mathematician and actuary, tried to establish a new company that issued premiums aimed at correctly offsetting the risks of long term life assurance policies, after being refused admission to the Amicable Life Assurance Society because of his advanced age. They was unsuccessful in his attempts at procuring a charter from the government before his death in 1757.

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n the coursework of the study, Labrador retrievers and Italian shepherds owned and trained by Working Canines for Conservation, located 616 scat samples of black bears and 24 of grizzly bears (identified by DNA extraction and analysis)manner as grizzly bears," said Beckmann. "But given the paucity of grizzly bears in the study area -- in the coursework of the years of our study -- our approach, information, and model have value to grizzly bear conservation and management. This is true given that black bears and grizzly bears in the GYE are known to utilize similar habitats spatially, but at different times."

"Dogs excel at looking for multiple scents without delay, even if is far more common than the other," according to Aimee Hurt, Working Canines for Conservation co-founder. "In this case, the canines basically alerted us to a mass of black bear scat, while also readily locating the rare grizzly bear scat, leading to a mao inquire in to this sticky phenomenon, the researchers examined the weight & footpad size of 225 species of climbing animal. They found that larger animals with "sticky" feet, such as geckos, have larger adhesive footpads than their smaller, sticky-feet peers, such as mites & spiders. (This "stickiness" is actually a van der Waals force, in which electrons on the animal & the wall interact, generating an electromagnetic attraction, at least in geckos.)Sorry, Spider-Man â�� the man holding the record for world's largest feet has a U.S. shoe size of 26, according to Guinness World Records, meaning you have got a ways to go. In fact, humans would need adhesive pads covering 40 percent of their body, or 

BIGEST SNAKE OF THE WORLD

�Even our closest relatives, the great apes, can�t do what Betsy can do�hear a word only one time or two times & know that the acoustic pattern stands for something,� said Juliane Kaminski, a cognitive psychologist who worked with Rico & is now studying Betsy. He & her colleague Sebastian Tempelmann had come to Betsy�s home in Vienna to give her a fresh battery of tests. Kaminski petted Betsy, while Tempelmann set up a video camera.

To find more examples, the scientists read all the letters from hundreds of people claiming that their canines had Rico�s talent. In fact, only two�both border collies�had comparable skills. of them�the researchers call her Betsy�has a vocabulary of over 300 words.

�Dogs� understanding of human forms of communication is something new that has evolved,� Kaminski said, �something that�s developed in them because of their long association with humans.� Although Kaminski has not yet tested wolves, he doubts they have this language skill. �Maybe these collies are lovely at it because they�re working canines & highly motivated, & in their traditional herding jobs, they must listen closely to their owners.�

Scientists think that canines were domesticated about 15,000 years ago, a comparatively short time in which to evolve language skills. But how similar are these skills to those of humans? For abstract thinking, they employ symbols, letting thing stand for another. Kaminski & Tempelmann were testing whether canines can do this .

Betsy�s owner�whose pseudonym is Schaefer�summoned Betsy, who obediently stretched out at Schaefer�s feet, eyes fixed on her face. Whenever Schaefer spoke,

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ut because she didn’t want other scientists saying later that she’d deliberately chosen an especially smart bird for her work. Given that Alex’s brain was the size of a shelled walnut, most researchers thought Pepperberg’s interspecies communication study would be futile.

“Some people actually called me crazy for trying this,” she said. “Scientists thought that chimpanzees were better subjects, although, of course, chimps can’t speak.”

Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas have been taught to use sign language and symbols to communicate with us, often with impressive results. The bonobo Kanzi, for instance, carries his symbol-communication board with him so he can “talk” to his human researchers, and he has invented combinations of symbols to express his thoughts. Nevertheless, this is not the same thing as having an animal look up at you, open his mouth, and speak.

Pepperber

g walked to the back of the room, where Alex sat on top of his cage preening his pearl gray feathers. He stopped at her approach and opened his beak.

“Want grape,” Alex said.

“He hasn’t had his breakfast yet,” Pepperberg explained, “so he’s a little put out.”

Alex returned to preening, while an assistant prepared a bowl of grapes, green beans, apple and banana slices, and corn on the cob.

Under Pepperberg’s patient tutelage, Alex learned how to use his vocal tract to imitate almost one hundred English words, includi

hmmm amazING

�That�s why I started my studies with Alex,� Pepperberg said. They were seated�she at her table, they on top of his cage�in her lab, a windowless room about the size of a boxcar, at Brandeis University. Newspapers lined the floor; baskets of bright toys were stacked on the shelves. They were clearly a team�and because of their work, the notion that animals can think is no longer so fanciful.

hen Pepperberg began her dialogue with Alex, who died last September at the age of 31, lots of scientists believed animals were incapable of any thought. They were basically machines, robots programmed to react to stimuli but lacking the ability to think or feel. Any pet owner would disagree. They see the love in our dogs� eyes and know that, of coursework, Spot has thoughts and emotions. But such claims stay highly controversial. Gut instinct is not science, and it is all simple to project human thoughts and feelings onto another creature. How, then, does a scientist show that an animal can thinking�that it can acquire information about the world and act on it?

Positive skills are thought about key signs of higher mental abilities: nice memory, a grasp of grammar and symbols, self-awareness, understanding others� motives, imitating others, and being creative. Tiny by tiny, in ingenious experiments, researchers have documented these talents in other species, gradually chipping away at what they thought made human beings unique while offering a glimpse of where our own abilities came from. Scrub jays know that other jays are thieves and that stashed food can spoil; sheep can recognize faces; chimpanzees use a variety of tools to probe termite mounds and even use weapons to hunt little mammals; dolphins can imitate human postures; the archerfish, which stuns insects with a sudden blast of water, can learn how to objective its squirt basically by watching an experienced fish perform the task.